Having a child applying to colleges for next Fall, I see that the admission process to selective school is somewhat a lottery. I have heard the word “holistic” so many times in the last 15 months…..
First, you have to do the work: good GPA, test scores (although most schools make it optional, it never hurts to stand out), extracurricular, rigor of classes, etc. Now the essays are more important and this is when things get interesting as two people can have totally different opinions on your essays. This is the “lottery” factor.
You also have to compete against or sometimes benefit from citcumstances. Like my friend: her daughter goes to one of the colleges on the list because she is a good swimmer in HS - so she contacted the coach and she got a preference for admissions. I heard similar stories eg: the tuba player from the marching band graduates, and now if you play tuba, you might have a better chance for admission than someone with similar grades etc but doesn’t play tuba.
Public universities: it depends also on their funding: they might want to admit out of staters so they get more tuition. Some have different rules Like UNC (80% have to be in staters) Texas (75% have to be in staters and they have to admit the top 10% of each HS in Texas who apply IIRC).
Then you also have legacy admissions….